A-frame

Aaberg, Denny

Aaberg, Kemp

Abberton, Koby

Abbruzzi, Sid

Abellira, Reno

Abubo, Megan

academia and surfing

Adler, Tom

advertising and surfing

Aeder, Erik

aerial

Aguerre, Fernando

Aichner, Scott

Aikau, Clyde

Aikau, Eddie

Aipa, Ben

air-drop

airbrush

Airshow

Ala Moana

Alabama

alaia board

Alaska

alcohol and surfing

Alexander, Kala

Alexandre, João (Dapin)

Allen, Chuck

Alms, Paige

aloha shirt

Alter, Hobie

Alvarez, Pepe

Ancell, Kevin

Andaman Islands

Andersen, Lisa

Anderson, Craig

Anderson, Simon

Andino, Kolohe

Angel, Jose

angle

Angola

Angourie

Antarctica

Apocalypse Now

Arabian Sea

Aragon, Janice

Arakawa, Eric

Archbold, Matt

Arena, Eduardo

Ashton, Juan

Association of Surfing Professionals (ASP)

Atlantic Ocean

August, Robert

Aurness, Rolf

Auster, Ken

Australia

Avalon, Frankie

Azores

backdoor

backside

backside attack, Pipeline

backwash

bail out

Bain, Rob

Baja California

Baker, Bernie

Baker, Grant “Twiggy”

Baker, Tim

Bali

Ball, John “Doc”

Ballard, Bill

Ballard, Rochelle

balsa

Baltic Sea

Banks, Jim

Barbados

Barilotti, Steve

Barland, Michel

Barreda, Sergio “Gordo”

Barry, Michael

Bartholomew, Wayne

Baxter, Jackie

Bay of Bengal

Beach Boys, The

Beacham, Debbie

beachboys

beachbreak

Beachcomber Bills Grand Prix

Beachley, Layne

beavertail

Becker, Phil

Bedford-Brown, Stuart

Belgium

Bells Beach

Bendall, Ma and Pa

Bennett, Barry

Benson, Becky

Benson, Blanche

Benson, Linda

Bermuda

Skateboard-influenced surfing maneuver where the rider launches off the wave crest into one of an ever-growing number of board- and body-torquing airborne variations, then lands back on the wave face. Aerials are performed almost exclusively in waves under six feet. Along with the tow-in method of big-wave riding, aerial surfing split off into something like to its own distinct branch of the sport during the 1990s, with aerial specialists and aerial-only competitions.

Skateboarders riding the banked walls of empty swimming pools began doing aerials above the rim in about 1977; surfers—including Florida's Matt Kechele and Kevin Reed of California—initiated their version of aerials in the late '70s. Progress was slow. Surfboards couldn't be gripped and handled in the air as easily as skateboards, and waves, unlike pools, change shape constantly. The "chop-hop," an early and rightfully maligned aerial variant, was enough to keep most progressive surfers working on deep turns and tuberides.

A few surfers continued to push forward with the aerial, however, including Davey Smith, John McClure, and Bud Llamas of California, along with Australia's Cheyne Horan, Hawaii's Larry Bertlemann, and most notably Martin Potter of South Africa. Florida's John Holeman was an early and influential aerial specialist in the late 1980s and early 1990s, whom many credit as the first to successfully land a 360-degree aerial rotation. Bodyboarders—Hawaii's Mike Stewart in particular—also made key contributions to first-generation aerial surfing.

But it was the tattooed and punkish Christian Fletcher of San Clemente, California, along with neighbor Matt Archbold, who gave aerial surfing much of its present-day shape and character; both surfers were not only lifting four or five feet above the crest by the late '80s (and regularly completing their lower-flying attempts), but establishing the aerialist as a kind of surf guerrilla. Fletcher also introduced the surfing world to the colorful skateboard-invented aerial lexicon, including "mute air," "indy air," "slob air," "madonna," and "stalefish."

Future world champion Kelly Slater of Florida brought aerials into the surfing mainstream in 1990, as leader of the teenage New School group, which included Shane Dorian, Rob Machado, Shane Beschen, and Ross Williams—all first-rate aerialists. The air movement also got a push from the footstrap-wearing tow surfers, who were able to fly higher and in more complex patterns than any unstrapped paddle-in rider.

Not everybody was thrilled by the new direction. Surf journalist and former world tour pro Dave Parmenter described the aerial crew as "flying squirrels," and correctly noted that the success rate on the towering air moves shown in the magazines was virtually nil. Fabled power surfers Gary Elkerton and Sunny Garcia were also dismissive of aerials. "Good surfing," Elkerton said, "is all about power, speed and flow. The other stuff isn't real surfing." Yet by the early-2000s, the aerial had become a staple maneuver for young pros and was all but a required element for success in surf contests.

Aerials are categorized according to four factors: 1) The rider's position during lift-off; either frontside or backside. 2) The positioning of the rider's hands as he flies; either hands-free or with one or both hands gripping the edges of the board. 3) The flight pattern of the board; usually a simple arc, a 180-degree spin, or a 360-degree spin. 4) The board position on landing; either nose-forward or "reverse" (tail first). The surfer's position relative to the board also comes into play; a "tweaked" air, when the rider at an angle to his board, rather than centered over it, is more difficult. "Air" is synonymous with "aerial"; "boost, "launch," "bust," and "punt" have all been used as well.

Specialized aerial-only "airshow" contests were introduced in 1996 in Santa Cruz, California, and by 2002 the combined prize money for the small but entrenched airshow circuits worldwide was more than $250,000. The gradual acceptance of the aerial among the competitive surf circuit, however, eliminated most air-only contests just a few years later.

While virtually all young pro surfers by the 2010s were expert aerialists, some of the most inventive moves were being performed by a small group of dedicated high flyers, some world tour pros, others not, including Josh Kerr, Dane Reynolds, Julian Wilson, Gabriel Medina, Kolohe Andino, and Chippa Wilson. In 2010, Flynn Novak of Hawaii became the first surfer to land a back flip.

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